Software Engineering - 56D Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Software Engineering - 56D - Research Paper Example The architecture may have to be designed before specifications are written to provide a means of structuring the specification and developing different sub-system specifications concurrently, to allow manufacture of hardware by sub-contractors and to provide a model for system costing. Object-oriented development helps to reduce these problems as it supports the grouping of entities (in object classes) so therefore simplifies program understanding. It also provides protection for entities declared within objects so that access from outside the object is controlled (the entity may not be accessible, its name may be accessible but not its representation or it may be fully accessible). This reduces that probability that chances to one part of the system will have undesirable effects on some other part. A consistent user interface may be impossible to produce for complex systems with a large number of interface options. In such systems, there is a wide imbalance between the extent of usage of different commands so for frequently used commands, it is desirable to have short cuts. Unless all commands have short cuts, then consistency is impossible. An example of such a system is an operating system interface. ... It may also be the case in complex systems that the entities manipulated are of quite different types and it is inappropriate to have consistent operations on each of these types. An example of such a system is an operating system interface. Even MacOS which has attempted to be as consistent as possible has inconsistent operations that are liked by users. For example, to delete a file it is dragged to the trash but dragging a disk image to the trash does not delete it but unmounts that disk. Section 22.2: A program need not be completely free of defects before delivery if: Remaining defects are minor defects that do not cause system corruption and which are transient i.e. which can be cleared when new data is input. Remaining defects are such that they are recoverable and a recovery function that causes minimum user disruption is available. The benefits to the customer's business from the system exceed the problems that might be caused by the remaining system defects. Testing cannot completely validate that a system is fit for its intended purpose as this requires a detailed knowledge of what that purpose will be and exactly how the system will be used. As these details inevitably change between deciding to procure a system and deploying that system, the testing will be necessarily incomplete. In addition, it is practically impossible for all except trivial system to have a complete test set that covers all possible ways that the system is likely to be used. Section 22.4: Program inspections are effective for the following reasons: They can find several faults in one pass without being concerned about interference between program faults. They bring a number of people with different experience of different types of

Business Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Economics - Essay Example (Hay, 2009, p. 461) The bubble formed by the housing price was the initiator of the general global economic crisis brought over to the whole world. What initiated the crisis was the bursting of the house price bubble in the United States and the problem was magnified by the aggressive mortgage lending prices. The housing market or the real estate market comprises of several differentiated markets as the owner occupied market, rental housing market, urban business properties market that is the factories, shops and the offices, the agricultural land markets and the recreational properties. There are five main reasons that are held responsible for the house price bubbles; they are low interest rates, development of new and innovative financial products which facilitated the availability of the credit, the tax treatment was also in favor of the debt-financed and owner-occupied housing; shortage in the supply of land in the attractive urban areas, increase in the purchase of houses as a r ental property or for speculative purposes. (Muller, Almy, Engelschalk, 2009, pp. 17-20; UK Economy in ‘Worst Crisis’ in 60 years, 2008) The Housing market Crash The UK housing market The real house prices have grown stronger over the past years, which have been volatile accompanied by macroeconomic fluctuations. The UK Housing market has gone through significant turbulence since the early 1980. In the period between 1982-1989, the market experienced a rapid rise in the housing prices, but meanwhile the housing prices showed a downward trend during the period 1990-1992 resulting in house price inflation. Accruing to the high economic growth in the years 1992 and 1993, the housing market in UK witnessed an increase in the average house price inflation, which originated in London and the South East region, which had a rippling down effect towards the north. The UK housing markets are the result of the personal sector wealth proportion, which was invested in the owner occu pied dwellings. The UK owner occupied dwellings accounted for 20 percent in 1960, which increased to 40 percent in 1990s. Highest owner- occupation rates and the lowest private renting characterize UK. The main reason which drove the financial turbulence in the housing market in 1980s are the liberalization of the financial markets and the policy of ‘Right to Buy’ which ensured the transformation of the population from the rented house to the private own occupied house. The increase in the competition among the lenders resulted in the fact that the borrowers get loans. This resulted in an increase in the household sector mortgage indebtedness from 25 percent in 1980 to 75 percent in 1992. The average mortgage advance reached its highest 60.1 percent in the year 1986, and thereby remained at a steady 58 percent for the rest of the 1980s. The house price inflation was fueled by the amalgamation of factors like increased in demand for housing, rising incomes, and an increa ses in the competition to supply mortgage lending. (Figueira, Glen, Nellis, 2005, p. 1756; UK house prices drop like a rock, 2008) The reason behind the crash The main reason behind the UK housing crash was it’s serendipitously stumbling upon the economic growth trajectories, which were mainly consumer-led and private debt financed in the early 1990s. Both